• Users Online: 649
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Search Ahead of print Current issue Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 

 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2014  |  Volume : 30  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 362-366

The side of cochlear implantation and speech intelligibility in pediatric and adult cochlear implantees


Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Unit of Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Date of Submission20-Feb-2014
Date of Acceptance15-Aug-2014
Date of Web Publication19-Nov-2014

Correspondence Address:
Abdelhamid A Mohammed
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Unit of Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo
Egypt
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/1012-5574.144977

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Background
A cochlear implant (CI) is an auditory prosthesis that stimulates the primary auditory nerve fibers electrically to elicit sound perception in individuals with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing impairments. Speech intelligibility is a joint product of a speaker and a listener and can provide a close approximation of an individual's everyday communication status, and cochlear implants can facilitate the development of speech and language skills in prelingually deaf patients.
Aim
The aim of this work was to study whether there is an advantage of one ear in the improvement of speech intelligibility in pediatric and adult cochlear-implanted patients.
Study design
A cross-sectional study to assess the speech intelligibility of right and left cochlear-implanted patients.
Patients and methods
The study included 50 cochlear-implanted patients (24 male and 26 female): 25 of the patients were prelingual and 25 were postlingual. Twenty-six of the patients were implanted on the right ear and 24 were implanted on the left ear. Speech intelligibility assessment was conducted using the Arabic Speech Intelligibility test. This Arabic Speech Intelligibility test is meant to be an objective measure as the examiner does not have to evaluate how a word was said.
Results
The results revealed that there was no significant difference between the speech intelligibility percentage regarding the onset of deafness (prelingual or postlingual), the sex and the duration of therapy, but there was a significant difference between the speech intelligibility percentage in right-ear-implanted and left-ear-implanted patients, with marked advantage for the implanted right ear.
Conclusion and recommendation
Right-ear cochlear implantation has an advantage over left-ear implantation regarding the speech intelligibility. Hence, in case of bilateral profound deafness of the same degree with no anatomical complications in either of the ears, it is recommended to choose the right ear for cochlear implantation.

Keywords: cochlear implant, right ear, speech intelligibility


How to cite this article:
Mohammed AA, Sarwat SA. The side of cochlear implantation and speech intelligibility in pediatric and adult cochlear implantees. Egypt J Otolaryngol 2014;30:362-6

How to cite this URL:
Mohammed AA, Sarwat SA. The side of cochlear implantation and speech intelligibility in pediatric and adult cochlear implantees. Egypt J Otolaryngol [serial online] 2014 [cited 2024 Mar 29];30:362-6. Available from: http://www.ejo.eg.net/text.asp?2014/30/4/362/144977


  Introduction Top


A cochlear implant (CI) is an auditory prosthesis that stimulates the primary auditory nerve fibers electrically to elicit sound perception in individuals with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing impairments. A substantial number of studies have demonstrated that the use of CIs can facilitate the development of speech and language skills of children who are prelingually deaf (born deaf or become deaf before age 3) [1].

CIs are primarily aids to sound perception, but in both adults and children, they can also aid in the production of spoken language. Speech and spoken language of children with CIs have been examined at several structural levels, including the articulatory, the phonological, and the morphological levels. For communication, however, overall speech intelligibility is the gold standard for assessing the benefit of cochlear implantation for the production of speech, because it addresses directly the communicative function of language. Speech intelligibility involves the transmission and the reception of linguistic information and meaning [2].

The term 'speech intelligibility' refers to the degree to which a speaker's intended message can be recovered by other listeners [3]. Speech intelligibility is a joint product of a speaker and a listener and can provide a close approximation of an individual's everyday communication status with regard to how well the individual can be understood by other listeners [4].

Although children with normal hearing achieved adult-like or near-adult-like speech intelligibility by around 4 years of age or shortly thereafter, children with CIs were considerably less intelligible than their chronological-age peers with normal hearing at all ages; the speech intelligibility of children who use CIs dating from the early 1990s to ~1998 have been reviewed by Svirsky and Chin [5], and the main results from previous research are as follows: (a) children's speech intelligibility improves from before implantation to after implantation, and then further improves with increased use of a CI and (b) CIs support the development of speech production intelligibility at least as well as conventional hearing aids (depending on factors such as the length of the device used, the age at device fitting, and the amount of residual hearing). Changes of speech production in postlingually deafened adults after receiving a CI are more subtle than those observed in prelingually deaf children [5].

It is well accepted that a majority of individuals (>90%) demonstrate left-hemisphere dominance for language [6]. Most individuals show a right-ear advantage for speech stimuli on dichotic listening tasks [7]. This right-ear advantage for verbal input has been attributed to the right ear having privileged access to left hemisphere. Consistent with this notion, poorer speech recognition, poorer performance, greater academic difficulty, and lower performance on speech tasks have been noted with right-ear unilateral hearing loss compared with children with left-ear unilateral hearing loss [8]. Patients make multiple errors in the articulation of specific sounds and sound patterns and are often unintelligible because they produce few words accurately [9].


  Aim Top


The aim of this work was to study the advantage of right-ear cochlear implantation over left-ear cochlear implantation in the improvement of speech intelligibility in pediatric and adult cochlear-implanted patients.


  Patients and methods Top


A cross-sectional study assessing the speech intelligibility of right/left cochlear-implanted patients. The study included 50 cochlear-implanted patients (24 male and 26 female) from the Phoniatrics Unit, Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital. Twenty-five of the patients were prelingual and 25 were postlingual. Twenty-six of the patients were implanted on the right ear and 24 were implanted on the left ear (the mean age for prelingual children was 5.94 ± 1.44 years, and the mean age for postlingual patients was 26.12 ± 8.69 years). The patients had the following inclusion criteria:

(1) Bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss before cochlear implantation.

(2) No medical history other than deafness.

(3) Implanted with either Nucleus 24 (Cochlear Corporation, Melbourne, Australia) or Med-El (Medical Electronics (Med El) corporation, Innsburck, Austria) device.

(4) The mean ± SD age at implantation was 4.62 ± 1.38 years in prelingual patients and 24.85 ± 9.21 years in postlingual patients.

(5) The mean ± SD duration of hearing loss was 4.35 ± 1.29 years in prelingual patients and 4.22 ± 2.12 years in postlingual patients.

(6) The mean ± SD duration for implant activation was 18.23 ± 4.11 months in prelingual patients and 17.92 ± 3.81 months in postlingual patients.

(7) The duration of phoniatric therapy received was minimum 12 months to maximum 18 months.

(8) Regular attendance of therapy sessions.

(9) Patients with irregular attendance were excluded.

(10) All patients received structured auditory and language therapy sessions with a mean of three sessions per week (40 min each).

(11) Each patient can utter at least three-word sentences for prelingual children and fully developed language in postlingual patients.

All patients were subjected to the following:

Personal history, language assessment by an Arabic language test [10], psychometric evaluation, and the speech intelligibility test [11].

The speech intelligibility of the patients was assessed using the Arabic Speech Intelligibility test. This Arabic Speech Intelligibility test is meant to be an objective measure. The test is composed of 100 cards carrying 50 pictures (each picture is repeated twice). The pictures are structurally organized into three sets as follows:

(1) Set A includes 20 pictures of monosyllabic words that start with bilabial, nasal, epicodental, and supra-alveolar consonants.

(2) Set B includes 20 pictures of monosyllabic words that start with dorsopalatal, uvular, velar, and pharyngeal consonants.

(3) Set C includes 10 pictures indicating simple action-verb sentences.

The pictures of each set are shuffled carefully and presented one by one to the patient who is asked to name what is in the picture. Thereafter, the clinician will write down what he heard from the patient in the clinician response form. The Arabic Speech Intelligibility test is designed to provide an estimation of the overall speech intelligibility of patients by providing a total score in terms of percentage. The patient's task is to say the pictured word correctly enough so that the listener can decide which word, among the 20 or 10 possible choices, he/she was trying to say. Although the examiner knows the set of 20 (or 10 in sentences) possibilities, the examiner does not know which word the patient will try to say on any given test item. Therefore, the examiner does not have to evaluate how a word was said but only whether the quality of articulation was functionally good enough to make the word understandable. The assessment was performed by two expert phoniatricians and the results were obtained. The number of correct responses by the examiner is tabulated and a percent score is calculated. This score represents the patient's speech intelligibility.

Data management and analysis

The collected data were revised, coded, tabulated, and introduced into a PC using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS 15.0, 2001; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) for Windows. Data were presented and suitable analysis was performed according to the type of data obtained for each parameter.

(1) Descriptive statistics:

(a) Mean.

(b) SD.

(c) Minimum and maximum values (range) for numerical data.

(d) Frequency and percentage of non-numerical data.

(2) Analytical statistics:

(a) The independent samples t-test was used to assess the statistical significance of the difference between two study group means.

(b) The χ2 -test was used to examine the relationship between two qualitative variables.

P-value was used to determine level of significance; P-value more than 0.05 was considered nonsignificant (NS), P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant (S), P-value less than 0.01 was considered highly significant (HS).


  Results Top


Comparing the speech intelligibility percentage and severity regarding the onset of deafness (prelingual or postlingual), the sex and the laterality (the side of cochlear implantation: right ear or left ear) revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean of the speech intelligibility percentage in prelingual and postlingual patients, and there was also no significant difference between the mean of the speech intelligibility percentage in male and female patients, but there was a highly significant difference between the mean of the speech intelligibility percentage in right-ear-implanted and left-ear-implanted patients, with marked advantage in patients with the implanted right ear ([Table 1]).
Table 1 Comparison of the percentage of the speech intelligibility regarding the cochlear-implant site, the sex and the laterality using the independent samples t-test

Click here to view


Comparing the results of the mean of the speech intelligibility percentage regarding the laterality (the side of ear implantation: right or left) in prelingual and postlingual cochlear-implant patients revealed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean of the speech intelligibility percentage in right-sided and left-sided prelingual cochlear-implant patients, with an advantage to the right ear. There was also a highly significant difference between the mean of the speech intelligibility percentage in right-sided and left-sided postlingual cochlear-implant patients, with advantage to the right ear. The highest mean of the speech intelligibility percentage was recorded in right-ear postlingual cochlear-implant patients and the lowest mean of the speech intelligibility percentage was recorded in the left-ear prelingual cochlear-implant patients ([Table 2] and [Figure 1]).
Table 2 Comparison of the percentage of the speech intelligibility regarding the laterality among prelingual and postlingual cochlear implant using the independent samples t-test

Click here to view
Figure 1: Percentage of the speech intelligibility regarding the laterality among prelingual and postlingual cochlear implant

Click here to view


Correlation of the percentage of speech intelligibility with the duration of therapy among prelingual and postlingual CI showed that the speech intelligibility percentage increases as long as the duration of therapy increases in prelingual cochlear-implant patients, but there was no significant difference between the right or the left ear. Among the postlingual cochlear-implant patients, there was no significant difference between the percentages of speech intelligibility in patients with the implant in the right or the left ear regarding the duration of therapy ([Table 3]).
Table 3 Correlation of the percentage of speech intelligibility with the duration of therapy among prelingual and postlingual cochlear implant using the Pearson correlation test (r)

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


The results of this study indicated that prelingual and postlingual cochlear-implanted patients with the implant on their right ear showed better speech intelligibility than those implanted on their left ear. This could be explained by the right-ear advantage for verbal stimuli in normal-hearing individuals. The auditory region in each cerebral hemisphere receives sensorial stimuli from both ears, but it is more activated by the stimulation from the contralateral ear [12]. The language and speech centers are located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and so implantation of the right ear would provide the best auditory results. However, it must be taken into account when selecting the side of cochlear implantation that both ears are similar in their residual hearing and there are no anatomical restrictions in any of them. The right-ear advantage has been shown in other studies [13,14]. The performance of children with unilateral right-ear deafness was significantly poorer than that of children with left unilateral deafness in linguistic subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Another study showed that prelingually deafened children with right cochlear implantation outperformed children with left cochlear implantation in speech perception [15]. A study conducted on adults with postlingual deafness to a severe to profound degree showed that the patients implanted on their right ear presented answers in the tests of speech perception significantly better than the patients implanted on the left ear [16]. Morris et al. [17] found no significant differences in speech perception abilities in large matched groups of adults with right compared with left cochlear implantation. Another study on a combined group of prelingual children and postlingual adults using cochlear implantation showed no significant differences between patients who were implanted on their dominant ear (based on handedness) and patients implanted on the nondominant side [18].

In the present study, it was found that the speech intelligibility improved with increased duration of therapy in prelingual cochlear-implanted patients. The improvement with increased duration was also proved in other studies such as that of Allen et al. [19], where the speech intelligibility was evaluated yearly for 5 years, showing continuous improvement; the same finding was found by Calmels et al. [20]. However, in the present study, no improvement with increased therapy duration was found in the postlingual implanted patients. A study conducted by Lenarz et al. [21] on postlingual cochlear-implanted adults showed improved performance in the first 6 months after implantation, and afterwards, the performance entered a plateau phase in which no statistically significant improvement or deterioration were observed for more than 20 years of follow-up. As the present study was conducted after 12 months of therapy or more, so the postlingual implanted patients were in the plateau phase, showing no improvement with increased duration of therapy. In contrast, another study found improved performance in postlingual implanted patients with increased duration of implant use [22].

It was also found in this study that the speech intelligibility was independent of the sex of implanted patients. This was also seen in other studies [23,24].

In this study, despite the mean percentage of the speech intelligibility of the postlingual implanted patients being higher than that of the prelingual implanted patients, which may be due to the presence of previous auditory experience of the postlingual deafened patients with spoken language, there was no significant difference between them. The nonsignificant difference may be due to the presence of left-ear implantation in both prelingual and postlingual implanted patients who have a lower percentage of the speech intelligibility or it may be due to the presence of early-implanted and late-implanted patients, which needs further investigation on a larger group of implanted patients.


  Conclusion and recommendation Top


Right-ear cochlear implantation has an advantage over left-ear implantation regarding the speech intelligibility. Hence, in case of bilateral profound deafness of the same degree with no anatomical complications in either of the ears, it is recommended to choose the right ear for cochlear implantation.


  Acknowledgements Top


 
  References Top

1.
Tobey E, Geers A, Brenner C, Altuna D, Gabbert G. Factors associated with development of speech production skills in children implanted by age five. Ear Hear 2003; 24:36S-45S.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Chin S, Bergeson T, Phan J. Speech intelligibility and prosody production in children with cochlear implants. J Commun Disord 2012; 45:355-366.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Bunton K, Kent R, Kent J, Duffy J. The effects of flattening fundamental frequency contours on sentence intelligibility in speakers with dysarthria. Clin Linguist Phon 2001; 15:181-193.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Kent R, Miolo G, Bloedel S. The intelligibility of children's speech: a review of evaluation procedures. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 1994; 3:81-95.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Svirsky M, Chin S. Speech production. In: Waltzman SB, Cohen NL, editors. Cochlear implants. New York: Thieme Medical; 2000. 293-309.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Loring D, Meador K, Lee G, Murro A, Smith J, Flaningin H. Cerebral language lateralization: evidence from intracarotid amobarbital testing. Neuropsychologica 1990; 28:831-838.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Breier J, Hiscock M, Jahrsdoerfer R, Gray L. Ear advantage in dichotic listening after correlation for early congenital hearing loss. Neuropsychologica 1998; 36:209-216.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Jensen J, Borre S, Jhansen P. Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children: cognitive abilities with respect to right/left ear differences. Br J Audiol 1989; 23:215-220.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Justice L. Communication sciences and disorders: an introduction. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall; 2006.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Kotby MN, Khairy A, Barakah M, Rifaie N, El-Shobary A. Language testing of Arabic speaking children. In: Kotby MN, editor. Proceedings of the XXIII world congress of the International Association of Logopedics and Phonetics (August 6-10). Cairo, Egypt; 1995. 263-266.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Abdel Hamid A, Bassiouny S, Hegazi M, Saber A, Nassar G, Ibrahim A. Development of Arabic Speech Intelligibility test for children [MD thesis]. Cairo: Unit of Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University; 2010.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Popelar J, Erre J, Aran J, Cazals Y. Plastic changes in ipsi-contralateral differences of auditory cortex and inferior colliculus evoked potentials after injury to one ear in the adult guinea pig. Hear Res 1994; 72:125-134.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Hartvig Jensen J, Borre S, Johansen P. Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children: cognitive abilities with respect to right/left ear differences. Br J Audiol 1989; 23:215-222.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Niedzielski A, Humeniuk E, Blaziak P, Gwizda G. Intellectual efficiency of children with unilateral hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70:1529-1532.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Henkin Y, Taitelbaum-Swead R, Hildesheimer M, Migirov L, Kronenberg J, Kishon-Rabin L. Is there a right cochlear implant advantage. Otol Neurotol 2008; 29:489-494.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Buarque L, Brazorotto J, Cavalcanti H, Lima L Jr, Lima D, Ferreira M. Auditory performance during a period of time in cochlear implant users with postlingual hearing loss. Audiol Commun Res 2013; 18:120-125.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Morris L, Mallur P, Roland J, Waltzman S, Lalwani A. Implication of central asymmetry speech processing on selecting the ear for cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol 2007; 28:25-30.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Deguine O, Garcia de Quevedo S, Fraysse B, Cormary X, Uziel A, Demonet J. Criteria for selecting the side for cochlear implantation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1995; 166:403-406.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Allen M, Nikolopoulos T, O'Donoghue G. Speech intelligibility in children after cochlear implantation. Am J Otol 1998; 19:742-746.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Calmels M, Saliba I, Wanna G, Cochard N, Fillaux J, Deguine O, et al. Speech perception and speech intelligibility in children after cochlear implantation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 68:347-351.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Lenarz M, Sonmez H, Joseph G, Buchner A, Lenarz T. Long-term performance of cochlear implants in postlingually deafened adults. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 147:112-118.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Manrique M, Espinosa J, Huarte A, Molina M, Garcia-Tapia R, Artieda J. Cochlear implants in postlingual persons: results during the first five years of the clinical course. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1998; 49:19-24.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Manrique M, Ramos A, Morera C, Cenjor C, Lavilla M, Boleas M, et al. Analysis of the cochlear implant as a treatment technique for profound hearing loss in pre and postlocutive patients. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2006; 57:2-23.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Klop W, Boermans P, Ferrier M, Van den Hout W, Stiggelbout A, Frijns J. Clinical relevance of quality of life outcome in cochlear implantation in postlingually deafened adults. Otol Neurotol 2008; 29:615-621.  Back to cited text no. 24
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]


This article has been cited by
1 The effect of side of implantation on unilateral cochlear implant performance in patients with prelingual and postlingual sensorineural hearing loss: A systematic review
V.J.C. Kraaijenga,T.C. Derksen,I. Stegeman,A.L. Smit
Clinical Otolaryngology. 2017;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Aim
Patients and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion and r...
Acknowledgements
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed2782    
    Printed147    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded254    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 1    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]