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 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 32  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 156-160

Role of septoplasty in reducing the incidence of comorbidities associated with elevated levels of mean platelet volume


1 Department of ENT, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital (JNMCH), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
2 Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital (JNMCH), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

Date of Submission01-Dec-2015
Date of Acceptance08-Jan-2016
Date of Web Publication20-Jul-2016

Correspondence Address:
Abdur Rahman
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital (JNMCH), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/1012-5574.186542

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  Abstract 

Aim
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of septoplasty on mean platelet volume (MPV) levels in patients with marked nasal septal deviation (MNSD).
Setting and design
This is a prospective study that was carried out in a Government Medical College and Hospital.
Materials and methods
A total of 50 patients were selected after proper history and examination.
Statistical analysis
The data entries were entered into SPSS software and the paired t-test was applied.
Results
Data obtained from preoperative and postoperative blood investigation were analyzed and it was statistically proved that, after septoplasty, the MPV was significantly lowered in patients who had MNSD.
Conclusion
Septoplasty plays an important role in reducing the MPV value in cases with MNSD, and thus other comorbid conditions can be prevented by performing septoplasty in these patients.

Keywords: mean platelet volume, nasal septal deviation, septoplasty


How to cite this article:
Rahman A, Hashmi SF, Hasan SA, Arif SH. Role of septoplasty in reducing the incidence of comorbidities associated with elevated levels of mean platelet volume. Egypt J Otolaryngol 2016;32:156-60

How to cite this URL:
Rahman A, Hashmi SF, Hasan SA, Arif SH. Role of septoplasty in reducing the incidence of comorbidities associated with elevated levels of mean platelet volume. Egypt J Otolaryngol [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 29];32:156-60. Available from: http://www.ejo.eg.net/text.asp?2016/32/3/156/186542


  Introduction Top


Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is a common etiology of nasal obstruction [1], although nasal obstruction can be caused by other conditions, such as turbinate hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, and nasal polyposis. Approximately 80% of the general population is estimated to have some type of nasal deformity [2].

Surgical correction of a deviated septum (i.e. nasal septoplasty) is the definitive treatment for septal deviation. Septoplasty is a corrective surgical procedure performed to straighten the nasal septum, the partition between the two nasal cavities. Ideally, the septum should run down the center of the nose. When it deviates into one of the cavities, it narrows that cavity and impedes airflow. The procedure usually involves a judicious excision/realignment of a portion of the bone and/or cartilage in the nasal cavity. Sufficient cartilage is preserved for structural support. After the septum is straightened, it may then be stabilized temporarily with small plastic tubes, splints, gauge packs, or sutures internally, which are removed in a due course of time [3].

Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machine-calculated measurement of the average size of platelets found in blood and is typically included in blood tests as a part of the complete blood count.

MPV is higher when there is destruction to platelets. Platelet destruction may be seen in immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and in myeloproliferative diseases, Bernard−Soulier syndrome, and various obstructive diseases of the airway [4]. Abnormally low MPV values correlate primarily with thrombocytopenia when it is due to impaired production as in aplastic anemia.

A typical range of platelet volumes is 9.7–12.8 fl, equivalent to spheres 2.65−2.9 μm in diameter. Normal range is given as 7.5–11.5 fl.

Marked nasal septal deviation (MNSD) due to chronic upper airway obstruction (UAO) can lead to alveolar hypoventilation, cor pulmonale, and pulmonary hypertension. UAO leads to chronic hypoxia and hypercarbia because of alveolar hypoventilation [5]. Chronic hypoxia and hypercarbia show tendency for hypercoagulopathy.

MPV, the most commonly used measure of platelet size, is a potential marker of platelet reactivity. Large platelets that contain more dense granules are enzymatically and metabolically more active and have greater prothrombotic potential. Increased platelet activation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Studies proved that increased MPV was demonstrated in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertension, unstable angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke [6].


  Materials and methods Top


The following prospective study was conducted from October 2012 to September 2014. A total of 50 patients were included in the study. The cases were selected from the ENT, OPD, and ENT ward after proper history and examination. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. All procedures performed in the study are in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The blood samples of the selected patients were sent in EDTA vial for preoperative MPV determination before septoplasty and were evaluated for MPV again postoperatively after a period of 4–12 weeks.

Inclusion criteria

The study included cases of deviated nasal septum refractory to conservative medical treatment with long-term nasal obstruction and headache. The diagnosis of patients with MNSD was based on anterior rhinoscopy and endoscopic nasal examination. All patients underwent septoplasty under local or general anesthesia. Blood samples were collected before septoplasty, and follow-up samples were collected after 4–12 weeks postoperatively. The study population was investigated for evidence of any diseases that would be exclusion criteria for study.

Exclusion criteria

The study excluded any patient with evidence of coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus, renal or hepatic dysfunction, hematologic disease, cancer, thrombocytopenia, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disease, antithrombotic agent or serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug use, chronic or systemic inflammatory diseases such as bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis.

All patients were properly assessed with complete detailed history, general examination, respiratory system examination, and detailed ENT examination. All patients underwent diagnostic endoscopic examination and preoperative complete blood count investigation, which includes MPV. The patients underwent both conventional and endoscopic septoplasty and patients were again evaluated after a period of 4–12 weeks for MPV values.


  Results Top


Among the 50 patients studied, 34 (68%) cases were male and 16 (32%) were female, showing a male preponderance over female cases. The youngest patient included in the study was 12 years old and eldest patient was 46 years old. Male-to-female ratio was 2.1 : 1. The patients were grouped into four: group A, 10–20 years of age; group B, 21–30 years of age; group C, 31–40 years of age; and group D, older than 40 years of age. The maximum number of patients belonged to group A. The mean age in our study was 24 years. The age at onset in our study was mostly second to fourth decade of life. The most common symptom in our study was nasal obstruction (100%) in all patients, as all patients had MNSD. Complaint of nasal obstruction was followed by nasal discharge (58%), headache (48%), sneezing (32%), nasal bleeding (14%), snoring (14%), and anosmia (6%). Following septoplasty, most marked improvement was in nasal obstruction, as reported by the cases during follow-up.

We compared three variables preoperatively and postoperatively after septoplasty. MPV was recorded before septoplasty [Table 1] and after 4 [Table 2], 8 [Table 3], and 12 weeks [Table 4] weeks of operation. The platelet count and white blood cell (WBC) count were recorded before and 12 weeks after septoplasty operation [Table 5].
Table 1 Preoperative MPV: No. of patients in respective age groups with MPV

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Table 2 Post-Operative MPV at 4th week

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Table 3 Post -Operative MPV at 8th week

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Table 4 Post - Operative MPV at 12th week

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Table 5 Comparison of MPV, Platelet count and WBC count

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MPV was found to be higher in patients with MNSD. Most of the patients had MPV in the range 10–13 fl (76%) preoperatively. Preoperative mean of MPV was found to be 11.0 fl, with an SD of 1.1.

At fourth week after septoplasty, the maximum number of cases (33, 66%) had MPV in the range of 10.1–12.0 fl. The mean MPV was calculated to be 10.7 fl, with 1.05 SD.

At eighth week after septoplasty, the maximum number of cases (35, 70%) had MPV in the range of 9.1–11.0 fl. The mean MPV was calculated to be 10.5 fl, with 1.06 SD.

At 12th week after septoplasty, the maximum number of cases (38, 76%) had MPV in the range of 9.1–11.0 fl. The mean MPV was calculated to be 10.3, with 0.95 SD.

It was observed that almost all cases had platelet count within the normal range of 150 000–400 000/mm3 [7]. Preoperatively, the mean platelet count was 261×103, with an SD of 49, and, postoperatively, it was 263×103, with an SD of 65.

WBC count was also observed to lie in the normal range of 4500–11 000/mm3. Preoperatively, the mean leukocyte count was found to be 7.7×103, with an SD of 1.7, and postoperatively at 12th week it was found to be 7.9×103, with an SD of 1.7.

The data entries were entered into SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) and the paired t-test was applied.

  1. The P value between pairs of preoperative MPV and postoperative MPV at 4, 8, and 12 weeks was found to be significant (P<0.001).
  2. The P value for correlation of preoperative and postoperative platelet count was 0.805, which is insignificant (P>0.001).
  3. The P value for correlation of preoperative and postoperative WBC count was 0.250, which is insignificant (P>0.001).


The above calculations suggested that there was a significant fall in MPV value after septoplasty operation. However, with same calculations in the same cases, there was no significant change in platelet and WBC count levels after septoplasty.


  Discussion Top


Nasal obstruction is a common presenting symptom in otolaryngology practice. NSD is a very common cause of recurrent and chronic nasal obstruction. The effects of chronic obstructive disorders of the upper airways, such as tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy and extensive nasal polyposis on the cardiopulmonary system, have been studied [8]. Chronic nasal obstruction leads to increased upper respiratory tract resistance, and upper respiratory tract resistance leads to chronic hypoxia and hypercarbia because of hypoventilation.

Cardiovascular complications of NSD are due to chronic hypoxia and hypercarbia. Hypercapnia and hypoxia caused by obstructive hypoventilation results in respiratory acidosis, which in turn leads to pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction, increased right ventricular work, and cardiac hypertrophy. The cumulative effect of chronic airway obstruction, sustained pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular failure, and cor pulmonale, systemic hypertension, and increased pulmonary arterial pressure are seen in patients with UAO.

MPV is an important biological variable and larger platelets have higher thrombotic potential [9]. In comparison with smaller ones, larger platelets are denser, aggregate more rapidly with collagen, have higher thromboxane A2 level, and express more glycoprotein Ib and IIb/IIIa receptors [10].

In our study, patients undergoing septoplasty were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively for MPV, platelet count, and WBC count. The aim of the study was to assess the extent to which septum deviation influences airflow through the nasal cavity, which affects the oxygen content in blood, leading to hypercarbia, which in turn leads to increase in MPV in course of duration of time.The first study on effect of septoplasty on MPV level was by Sagit et al. [11], with a total of 60 cases, and their study showed elevated levels of MPV in patients with MNSD, which after septoplasty decreased significantly. They suggested that MPV, a determinant of platelet activation, is elevated in patients with MNSD. Increased platelet activation may be related to increase in cardiovascular risk in patients with MNSD. The increase in MPV levels of the cases with MNSD could be treated with septoplasty. They also concluded that there was no significant change in values of WBC, platelet count, and platelet distribution width.

Poorey and Thakur [12], in their study in GMCH, Bhopal (2014), emphasized on the concept that MPV is increased in chronic nasal obstruction due to DNS and this increase is in accordance with the severity of DNS. This study suggested that MPV was maximum in impacted type of DNS and in decreasing order in obstructive and simple types. Among the cases as well as controls, MPV was higher in female patients.

In our study, preoperative MPV values were paired with postoperative MPV at 4, 8, and 12 weeks individually and the paired t-test was applied; P value was found to be 0.000 in all three pairs. Here, P value was found to be significant; this means that there is certainly a significant decrease in MPV after septoplasty. This proves our study that septoplasty played an important role in reducing the MPV value in cases with MNSD, and thus other comorbid conditions can be prevented by performing septoplasty in these patients.

This study was conducted with an aim to find the effect of septoplasty on MPV in patients with MNSD and was performed on a total of 50 cases. After recording data obtained from preoperative and postoperative blood investigation and analyzing them statistically, we proved that septoplasty reduces MPV significantly in patients who have MNSD and thus prevents these patients from other comorbid conditions related to increased MPV.


  Acknowledgements Top


I extend my gratitude to the chairman of my Department Professor M. Aslam. I am greatly indebted to his benevolent guidance, sound suggestions, and regular suggestions. I will always be thankful to Abdul Ahad, who has always guided me in the right direction in all possible ways. I also thank the operation theater technical staff Mujahid and Azam, who helped me in completing this study in time.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Murray JAM, Maran AG, Mackenzie IJ, Raab G, Open versus closed reduction of the fractured nose. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:797–802.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
McKenzie M. Manual of diseases of the nose and the throat. London, UK: Churchill; 1880.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Dubin MR, Pletcher SD. Postoperative packing after septoplasty: is it necessary? Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2009;42:279–285.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Liu S, Ren J, Han G, Wang G, Gu G, Xia Q, Li J. Mean platelet volume: a controversial marker of disease activity in Crohn’s disease. Eur J Med Res 2012;17:27.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Drager LF, Polotsky VY, Lorenzi-Filho G. Obstructive sleep apnea: an emerging risk factor for atherosclerosis. Chest 2011;140:534–542.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Pizzuli L, Yang A, Martin JF, Lüderitz B Changes in platelet size and count in instable angina pectoris compared to stable or non-cardiac chest pain. Eur Heart J 1998;19:80–84.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Ross DW, Ayscue LH, Watson J, Bentley SA. Stability of hematologic parameters in healthy subjects. Intraindividual versus interindividual variation. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;90:262–267.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
McNicholas WT. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: overlaps in pathophysiology, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:692–700.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Karpatkin S, Strick N. Heterogeneity of human platelets. V. Differences in glycolytic and related enzymes with possible relation to platelet age. J Clin Invest 1972;51:1235–1243.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Jakubowski JA, Thompson CB, Vaillancourt R, Valeri CR, Deykin D. Arachidonic acid metabolism by platelets of differing size. Br J Haematol 1983;53:503–511.  Back to cited text no. 10
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11.
Sagit M, Korkmaz F, Kavugudurmaz M, Somdas MA Impact of septoplasty on mean platelet volume levels in patients with marked nasal septal deviation. J Craniofac Surg 2012;23:974–976.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Poorey VK, Thakur P. Effect of deviated nasal septum on mean platelet volume: a prospective study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014;66:437–440  Back to cited text no. 12
    



 
 
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  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]



 

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