• Users Online: 428
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Search Ahead of print Current issue Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 

 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2019  |  Volume : 35  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 189-194

Formulation of a program for treatment of childhood dysphonia


1 Department of Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
2 Unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
3 Department of otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt

Date of Submission25-Jan-2018
Date of Acceptance17-Sep-2018
Date of Web Publication12-Apr-2019

Correspondence Address:
Riham M Elmaghraby
12 Street El Nahda Roushdy, Alexandria
Egypt
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ejo.ejo_7_18

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Background Dysphonia is a disorder characterized by change in voice quality, pitch, loudness, or vocal effort that impairs communication or reduces voice-related quality of life. Childhood dysphonia has several adverse educational and psychosocial implications. Dysphonic children are not aware or not bothered by their voice disorder. Although dysphonia might, in some cases, improve by itself in adulthood, it can be of important value to treat the dysphonic voice already during childhood.
Aim The aim of this study was to adapt and formulate a program of voice intervention for childhood dysphonia and apply it on Egyptian children to explore its effectiveness as a therapeutic tool.
Patients and methods This study was conducted on 20 children of both sexes attending the Phoniatrics Unit in Alexandria Main University Hospital complaining of dysphonia. The remediation program aims to improve dysphonia in children using a combination of indirect and direct treatment techniques. It is a modification of The Boone Voice Program for Children combined with new technologies such as the voice games by Kay Elementrics. It is designed to provide the clinician with step-by-step procedures and materials to remediate voice disorders in school-aged children. The program was translated to Arabic and a number of modifications were done in order to adapt it to the Egyptian children.
Results The study showed effectiveness of the remediation program for childhood dysphonia regarding some of the auditory perceptual assessment and acoustic analysis values. Some of the laryngeal examination findings also showed improvement post-therapy. The study showed significant relation between the children’s age, sex, diagnosis, and some pretherapy and post-therapy findings.
Conclusion Data from the current study suggests that voice therapy may prove to be a valid alternative to just planned follow-up.

Keywords: childhood dysphonia, hoarseness of voice, voice therapy


How to cite this article:
Elmaghraby RM, Ras YA, Elkaraksy MM. Formulation of a program for treatment of childhood dysphonia. Egypt J Otolaryngol 2019;35:189-94

How to cite this URL:
Elmaghraby RM, Ras YA, Elkaraksy MM. Formulation of a program for treatment of childhood dysphonia. Egypt J Otolaryngol [serial online] 2019 [cited 2024 Mar 28];35:189-94. Available from: http://www.ejo.eg.net/text.asp?2019/35/2/189/255951




  Introduction Top


Dysphonia is defined as a disorder characterized by a change in voice quality, pitch, loudness, or vocal effort that hinders communication or impairs the voice-related quality of life. The prevalence rate of pediatric dysphonia vary considerably, ranging from 4 to 25% [1],[2],[3],[4], although researchers found a prevalence rate of 5–7% as realistic in most populations [3],[5],[6],[7]. The male predominance is about 60% in dysphonia [8],[9],[10],[11],[12]; this is less marked before 7 years of age, followed by a male predominance which equalizes by 11 years and then turns into a female predominance by 13 years [11],[12],[13]. The etiology of childhood dysphonia may be congenital such as laryngomalacia, laryngeal web, subglottic stenosis, vocal fold paralysis, and subglottic hemangiomas, or acquired including minimal associated pathological lesions (MAPLs), muscle tension dysphonia, vocal fold granuloma, vocal fold paralysis, laryngitits, gastroesophageal reflux disease, papillomatosis, and psychogenic causes. Assessment of the children starts by interviewing the patient and by general presentation; it is also essential to obtain details of the child’s personality and environment. The presence of associated laryngeal symptoms is an indicator of a possible serious underlying pathology and must not be missed. A general otolaryngologic examination should be performed. Auditory perceptual assessment of the voice should be thorough and may use a combination of subjective and objective voice analysis measures, including perceptual evaluation of voice, videostroboscopic imaging of vocal cord movement, and acoustic analysis [14]. The effective treatment for this disorder is still controversial because there are few studies and many children improve or heal spontaneously after puberty [15]. The most common treatment methods are: voice therapy, vocal counseling, surgery, or, taking into consideration the natural history of pathology, no treatment but planned follow-up in the course of time. Therapeutic success is often the result of a combination of different treatments [16].


  Aim Top


The aim of this study was to adapt and formulate a program of voice intervention for childhood dysphonia and apply it on Egyptian children to explore its effectiveness as a therapeutic tool.


  Patients and methods Top


This study was conducted on 20 children of both sexes attending the Phoniatrics Unit in Alexandria Main University Hospital complaining of dysphonia. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Methods

All children were subjected to the following voice protocol of assessment pretherapy and post-therapy starting with elementary diagnostic procedures including patient’s interview, auditory perceptual assessment using the GRBAS scale [17],[18], ENT examination, and laryngeal examination, followed by clinical diagnostic aids examining the glottis by indirect laryngoscopy or flexible nasofibrolaryngoscopy and continuous lighting or stroboscopic lighting by Kay PentaxRLS9100B Rhino-Laryngeal Stroboscope, USA and voice recording. Then Additional Instrumental Diagnostic Measures and acoustic analysis using the software included in Computerized Speech Lab model 4500–Kay Pentax were done.

Intervention

The program was applied to all patients through one to two sessions per week for a duration from 1 to 2 months. Each approach was introduced through one to two sessions till the child habituates the best voice. The child is sitting in front of the phoniatrician. Each step is explained to the child through cards and pictures trying to clarify the target goal. The remediation program for the children is designed to provide the voice clinician with step-by-step procedures and materials to remediate voice disorders in school-aged children. Vocal Abuse Reduction Program is introduced to the child by explaining how lesions occur using the story. A systematic reduction of the child abuse through documenting the child abuses on daily numbered cards, then monitoring the responses on a chart in order to make the child aware of and able to reduce or eliminate the vocal abuse and then presenting it on the balloon chart. This program is based on the therapeutic philosophy and procedures described in The Voice and Voice Therapy (Boone and McFarlane, [19]). The program is composed of 12 facilitating approaches combined with new technologies such as the voice games by Kay Elemetrics which offers a cognitive way to give children insight into why they may have voice problems related to voice abuse.


  Results Top


The ages of the children ranged from 4 to 10 years. The male to female ratio among the children was nearly 2 : 1, 13 (65%) men to seven (35%) women. The majority of the studied children were from moderate socioeconomic level constituting 65%, and 35% were from low socioeconomic level. All the children were complaining mainly of change of voice and only 50% were complaining also of phonasthenia ([Figure 1] and [Figure 2]). As regards the etiology, it was high vocal demand in all patients, with 75% exposed to noise as an environmental factor, 35% exposed to smoking (passive smoker), and 85% with tense temperament. According to the diagnosis, 14 children were diagnosed as bilateral vocal fold nodules and six were diagnosed as hyperfunctional dysphonia ([Table 1]). By auditory perceptual assessment roughness, asthenia, and strained voice quality between the children pretherapy and post-therapy showed statistically significant results with a P value of 0.007, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively. But as regards the breathiness of voice pretherapy and post-therapy it showed insignificant statistical results with a P value of 0.102 ([Table 2]): 65% had register break pretherapy and 10% had register break post-therapy. The effect of the therapy on the register break showed statistically significant results with a P value of 0.001. Pretherapy all the children had decreased voice pitch but post-therapy 30% had decreased voice pitch and 70% had average pitched voice. The children’s voice pitch pretherapy and post-therapy showed statistically significant results with a P value less than 0.001 using marginal homogeneity test. All the children used excessively loud voice pretherapy and 65% of the children were using hard glottal attack. All of them shifted to using average loudness post-therapy and only 5% of them used hard glottal attack. During vocal fold examination by continuous light, 15 children had increased girth of both vocal folds pretherapy, but post-therapy only two had increased girth of both vocal folds. The vocal folds girth pretherapy and post-therapy showed statistically significant results with a P value less than 0.001 using the McNemar test. As regards the presence of swellings on the vocal folds, 14 children had at the free edge bilateral rounded vocal fold nodules and six had no swellings pretherapy. Post-therapy 12 still had nodules on the vocal folds. Pretherapy most of the children had small and moderate-sized nodules, but post-therapy all the children who still had nodules were small sized. Stroboscopic examination showed that pretherapy 90% of the children had incomplete glottic closure during phonation, post-therapy 75% had incomplete glottic closure, which showed statistically insignificant results. Pretherapy 10% of the children during phonation had no glottic gap, and most of them had glottic gaps 1 and 2 mm with a mean of 1.55±0.83 mm. Post-therapy 20% had no glottic gap and 75% had a glottic gap of 1 mm with a mean of 0.85±0.49 mm, which showed statistically significant results with a P value of 0.004. As regards acoustic analysis, the perturbation measures the jitter of the children’s voices pretherapy which ranged from 0.40 to 6.40 and the shimmer ranged from 1.90 to 18.0, but post-therapy the jitter ranged from 0.30 to 4.50 and the shimmer ranged from 2.70 to 9.0. The jitter of the children’s voices pretherapy and post-therapy was statistically insignificant with a P value of 0.081, but the shimmer was statistically significant with a P value of 0.004. Pretherapy the noise to harmonic ratio of the children’s voices mean was 0.19±0.17, but post-therapy the mean was 0.12±0.03. The noise to harmonic ratio of the children’s voices pretherapy and post-therapy was statistically significant with a P value of 0.006 using paired t test .
Figure 1 Distribution of studied sample according to age.

Click here to view
Figure 2 Distribution of studied sample according to sex.

Click here to view
Table 1 Distribution of the studied sample according to diagnosis (N=20)

Click here to view
Table 2 Comparison between the studied groups according to GRBAS scale

Click here to view


Pretherapy the Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI) of the children’s voices ranged from −4.38 to 4.80, but post-therapy it ranged from 0.01 to 5.0. As for minimum energy pretherapy the mean was 0.77±2.46, but post-therapy the mean was 36.21±3.47. The effect of voice therapy on DSI and minimum energy of the children’s voices was statistically significant with a P value of 0.016 for both. As for maximum phonation time (MPT) pretherapy ranged from 2.0 to 8.0 s, but post-therapy it ranged from 5.0 to 10.0 s. Voice therapy had a statistically significant effect on MPT of the children’s voices with a P value of less than 0.001 ([Table 3]).
Table 3 Comparison between the studied groups according to acoustic analysis

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


The present study showed that 65% of the studied children were men. This goes with a study that showed that the presence of vocal fold nodules has been higher in boys. It is, however, possible that this sex difference could reflect different voice usage in boys and girls. During childhood, the behavior of boys is more impulsive and aggressive than that of girls and is allied to excessive hyperactivity, anxiety, and spirit of leadership. Such a profile reflects directly in the phonatory mechanisms, resulting in vocal abuse. Another study showed that the girls’voice usage in a day care environment tended to become noisier as the day progressed, whereas the boys were constantly loud throughout the day [20]. According to different authors, voice disorders are more frequent in boys than in girls [2],[21]. All of our studied children were high vocal demand students, 75% of them were exposed to noisy environment and 85% had tense temperament. In an unpublished study by Barker and Wilson reported in the book by Colton and colleagues that in children’s voice use in a classroom environment, children with dysphonia were reported to produce almost three times as many vocalizations as the children without dysphonia. Another study found that the occurrence of dysphonia was related to the amount of time spent in day care or afterschool care environments [22],[23]. Of the studied children 65% were diagnosed as having bilateral vocal fold nodules and 35% were diagnosed as hyperfunctional dysphonia. This could be explained by the fact that children with vocal nodules often use more efforts for adducting vocal folds as a compensatory voice behavior for the presence of vocal nodules. This compensatory adduction tends to press the folds tightly for minimizing the irregularity in the border of the folds. This finding is consistent with Tezcaner et al. [24] which stated that in school-aged children, the incidence of vocal fold nodules is ∼17–30%. The current study demonstrated a pattern of improvement across roughness, asthenia, and strained voice quality, showing a highly significant difference between pretherapeutic and the post-therapeutic values of the auditory perceptual evaluation. Colton and Casper (2009) stated that the presence of vocal nodules provides the voice with some psychoacoustic characteristics, especially the parameters of roughness and breathiness. The present study also showed significant improvement in register break, voice pitch, loudness, and glottal attack among most of the studied children pretherapy and post-therapy. This could be explained by the improved awareness of the children about their voices’ problem. Lee et al. [25] reported that a few sessions of voice therapy, focusing on certain aspects such as awareness, relaxation, respiration, and easy onset phonation to reduce the tension around the laryngeal muscles, resulted in dramatic improvement of their voice quality and their pitch adjustment.

In the laryngeal examination using continuous light the present study showed a pattern of improvement regarding the mucous membrane color, vascular markings, and vocal folds girth in most of the cases. Regarding the swellings there was significant improvement in the swelling size and color. Post-therapeutic all the children had small-sized nodules; this coincides with the results of endoscopic ratings of vocal status in another study which showed that none of the vocal nodules had disappeared after completion of the therapy. This finding is in agreement with histologic studies that suggest that more permanent types of tissue damage may be associated with the formation of nodules, for example, fibroblastic response involving increased fibronectin decomposition [26]. The positive impact of therapy is not necessarily associated with a complete amelioration of the nodular lesions. However, the fact that the nodules had decreased in size after therapy as well as the findings of reduced edema strongly suggest that voice therapy had a trauma-reducing effect for the majority of the clients. The hyperfunctional vocal behavior appears to have decreased. Thus, there seemed to be a good potential that the compensatory ‘vicious circle’ of further increased muscle tension and increased subglottic pressure leading to escalating trauma could be stopped by voice therapy. Regarding vocal fold examination by stroboscopy, voice therapy had a significant effect on the size of the glottic gap, glottic mucosal wave, and its amplitude. Research correlating laryngeal (videostroboscopy), acoustic, and perceptual parameters in children showed significant correlations between the vibration quality of mucosa wave and perceptual evaluation and between acoustic and perceptual evaluation [27],[28]. The results of this study showed high jitter, shimmer, and NHR of dysphonic children pretherapy as it was stated in the normative study of acoustic parameters in normal Egyptian children that jitter was around 1.9% in boys and 1.6% in girls; shimmer values recorded were around 3.7%; harmonic to noise ratio was 0.13 [29].

This finding was also consistent with previous studies indicating that the use of acoustic analyses has led to high jitter, shimmer, and NHR values, and lowering of fundamental frequency for the voices of children with vocal nodules, differentiating them from normal voices [30],[31]. This can be explained by the fact that strained voices have more longitudinally tense (stretched) vocal folds and/or higher subglottic pressure. The current study demonstrated a significant improvement in DSI values of the children’s voices pretherapeutic and post-therapeutic. The DSI for perceptually normal voices equals +5 and for severely dysphonic voices −5. The more negative the patient’s index, the worse is his or her vocal quality [32]. The present study showed that there was a significant increase in the MPT of the children’s voices pretherapy and post-therapy, this was agreed by other authors, who stated that the MPT is shortened in patients with vocal nodules depending especially on the coordination of pneumophonoarticulation and perfect glottal closure, which are compromised in most cases [33],[34].


  Conclusion Top


  1. Data from the current study suggest that voice therapy may prove to be a valid alternative to just planned follow-up.
  2. The program showed effectiveness regarding mainly roughness, asthenia, strained voice quality, pitch, and register break in auditory perceptual assessment.
  3. The studied children demonstrated significant improvement in MPT, DSI, NHR, ELOW, and shimmer values of the acoustic analysis.
  4. By laryngeal examination vocal folds girth, color, swelling size, glottic closure, and mucosal wave showed some improvement post-therapy.


Recommendations

  1. Long-time follow-up assessments would be of interest to show the long-term effect of the remediation program.
  2. Therapeutic approaches should be adapted to every single case.
  3. More importance should be given to the vocal behavior of teachers that are the first vocal model for children out of home. It should be worthwhile to organize some meetings with teachers of primary schools to make them understand the communicative capabilities in different ages and to prevent voice problems.


Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Schwartz SR, Cohen SM, Dailey SH, Rosenfeld RM, Deutsch ES, Gilespie MB et al. Clinical practice guideline:hoarseness (dysphonia). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 141:1–31.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Connor NP, Cohen SB, Theis SM, Thibeault SL, Heatley DG, Bless DM. Attitudes of children with dysphonia. J Voice 2008; 22:197–209.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Fuchs M, Meuret S, Stuhrmann NC, Schade G. Tune in children and adolescents. HNO 2009; 57:603–614.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Verduyckt I, Remacle M, Jamart J, Benderitter C, Morsomme D. Voice related complaints in the pediatric population. J Voice 2011a; 25:373–380.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Duff MC, Proctor A, Yairi E. Prevalence of voice disorders in African American and European American preschoolers. J Voice 2004; 18:348–353.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Nicollas R, Giovanni A, Triglia J-M. Les dysphonies de l’enfant. Arch Pediatr 2008; 15:1133–1138.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Mortensen M, Schaberg M, Woo P. Diagnostic contributions of videolaryngostroboscopy in the pediatric population. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 136:75–79.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Carding PN, Roulstone S, Northstone K, ALSPAC Study Team. The prevalence of childhood dysphonia: a cross-sectional study. J Voice 2006; 20:623–630.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Connelly A, Clement WA, Kubba H. Management of dysphonia in children. J Laryngol Otol 2009; 123:642–647.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Lecoq M, Drape F. Epidemiological survey of dysphonia in children at primaryschool entry. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 1996; 117:323–325.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Arias Marsal C, Estapé i Vilà M. Childhood dysphonia: diagnosis and treatment. Barcelona: Ars Médica 2005; 230.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Cornut G, Trolliet-Cornut A. Les dysphonies de l’enfant : aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques. Rééducation orthophonique : les pathologies vocales chezl’enfant, 194. Paris: Fédération Nationale des Orthophonistes (FNO); 1998. 9–17  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Connor NP, Cohen SB, Theis SM, Thibeault SL, Heatley DG, Bless DM. Attitudes of children with dysphonia. J Voice 2008; 22:197–209.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Sderholm E, McAllister A. Group therapy for dysphonic children. In: White P. (ed) Child voice. ISBN 91-7170-512-0. USA: KTH Voice Center; 2000; 143–147.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Truong MT, Messner AH, Kerschner JE, Scholes M, Wong-Dominguez J, Milczuk A et al. Pediatric vocal fold paralysisafter cardiac surgery: rate of recovery and sequelae. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 137:780–784.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Miyamoto RC, Parikh SR, Gelad W, Licameli GR. Bilateral con-genital vocal cord paralysis: a 16-year institutional review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 133:241–245.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Kaufmann I, Lina-Granade G, Truy E et al. La dysphonie chronique de l’enfant.Mise au point à la lumière d’une série personnelle de 54 cas (france). Pediatrie 1992; 47:313–319.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Dejonckere PH, Bradley P, Clemente P, Cornut G, Crevier-Buchman L, Friedrich G et al. A basic protocol for func-tional assessment of voice pathology, especially for investigating the efficacyof (phonosurgical) treatments and evaluating new assessment techniques.Guideline elaborated by the Committee on Phoniatrics of the European Laryn-gological Society (ELS). Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2001; 258:77–82.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Boone D, McFarlane S. The voice and voice therapy, 8th edition. 1988.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Nygren M, Tyboni M, Lindström F, McAllister A, Doorn JV. Gender differences in children’s voice use in a day care environment. J Voice 2012; 26:817.e15–e18.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Trani M, Ghidini A, Bergamini G, Presutti L. Voice therapy in pediatric functional dysphonia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71:379–384.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Colton R, Casper JK, Leonard R. Understanding voice problems. a physiological perspective for diagnosis and treatment. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Sederholm E, McAllister A, Dalkvist J. Aetiological factors associated with hoarseness in ten year old children. Folia Phoniatr Logop 1995; 47:262–278.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Tezcaner CZ, Karatayli Ozgursoy S, Sati I, Dursun G. Changes after voice therapy in objective and subjective voice measurements of pediatric patients with vocal nodules. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 266:1923–1927.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Lee EK, Son YI. Muscle tension dysphonia in children: voice characteristics outcome of voice therapy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 69:911–917.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Oates J. Auditory perceptual evaluation of disordered voice quality: pros, cons and future directions. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2009; 61:49–56.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Tavares ELM, Brasolotto A, Santana MF, Padovan CA, Martins RHG. Epidemiological study of dysphonia in 4-12 year-old children. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 77:736–746.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Speyer R, Wieneke GH, Dejonckere PH. Documentation of progress in voice therapy: perceptual, acoustic, and laryngostroboscopic findings pretherapy and posttherapy. J Voice 2004; 18:325–340.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
AboRas YA, El-Maghraby RM, Abdou RM. The normative study of acoustic parameters in normal Egyptian children aged 4–12 years. Alex J Med 2013; 49:211–214.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Campisi P, Tewfik TL, Manoukian JJ, Schloss MD, Pelland-Blais E, Sadeghi N. Computer-assisted voice analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128:156–160.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Niedzielska GY, Glijer EB, Niedzielski A. Acoustic analysis of voice in children with noduli vocales. Int J Pediatr Otolaryngol 2001; 60:119–122.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Wuyts FL, De Bodt MS, Molenberghs G, Remacle M, Heylen L, Millet B et al. The Dysphonia Severity Index an objective measure of vocal quality based on a multiparameter approach. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2000; 43:796–809.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Behlau M, Azevedo R, Pontes P. Concept of normal voice and classification of dysphonias, in: M Behlau (Ed.), Voice - the specialist’s book, vol. I, Revinter, Rio de Janeiro 2001.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Tavares ELM, Brasolotto AG, Rodrigues SA, Benito Pessin AB, Garcia RH. Martins, maximum phonation time and s/z ratio in a large child cohort. J Voice 2012; 26:675.e1–675.e4.  Back to cited text no. 34
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Aim
Patients and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed1649    
    Printed219    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded148    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]